[53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. [9] The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. . The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting. The area from which the Sunjata Epic comes was historically: the geographical location of the great medieval African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community.. This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). Among these missionaries were Rev. The Efik people are well known for a diverse number of cuisines. As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. . Talbot asserts that a great cotton tree had fallen down on many of the Abayen and in their pride of numbers, they believed they could hold the cotton tree. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. The group is a mutual aid society known for elaborate street dances and very high. kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. Google Scholar Aye, E. A. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. Prior to Akak, the theory were proposed at the Hart's enquiry by Chief Offiong Abasi Ntiero Effiwatt and Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku.[25][26]. how to get a towing contract with geico university of west london ranking world university of west london ranking world [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. Opinions expressed belong solely to the author and do not represent the views of other Members, Management, or the Community at large. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. [76] Uffp (native gin) is distilled from palm wine and is sometimes mixed with the bark of Edat to increase the alcoholic content. [74][75] Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. Papers documenting the research materials and scholarly work of Dr. Ivor L. Miller in cultural studies of the African Diaspora. [40] These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. The missionaries who arrived in 1846 contributed to the changes in women's attire in Efik society. Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. Due to the role they played during the era of the triangular trade, their prominence in literature and art, there has been a lot of academic scholarship on the people. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. No disrespect allowed. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Read More mask It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. Law and order in Efik society was maintained via a number of secret societies. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. Also i want bomb and shell. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. Click to expose navigation links on mobile. Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. [46] On their exit from Obutong, they are believed to have sought the permission of Oku Atai to use the Ntinya. National Museum of African American History and Culture. Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to the following chiefs; Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. [32] Oku adds that the Uruan were adverse to the Efik custom of burying strangers with their dead and did not share in the practice carried out by the Efik. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. To be a member, one must be a part of Yoruba nobility. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. [42] K.K. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. The Sunjata Epic is usually understood to tell the story of: the rise and fall of the seven Nubian (Kushite) kings. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. During his research, Miller has identified many cultural links between Africa and the Americas, particularly between Cuba, Nigeria and Cameroon, which share a common heritage. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. Having associated broadly with foreigners in the pre-colonial era and . Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. The society is somewhat akin to a free mason group and does some unofficial law enforcement. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. [72] The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. Additional Touches ________. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. [69] The society is divided into five main grades such as Nkanda, Oku akama, Nyamkpe, Okpoho and Ebonko. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. [44] You are using an out of date browser. Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar. It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. The practice and display of Ekpe masquerade have been modified. Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. jamba juice turmeric smoothie recipe; sainsbury's locksbottom parking charges; ekpe society cameroon; June 11, 2022; small mortuary obituaries mobile, alabama . kp philosophy is grounded in "Cross River region concepts of community that include the living, the ancestors, and the land itself" [ Ekpe being] "a school for esoteric teachings [ revealing] ideal stages in a person's life [ in their growth to] maturity within their communities [ framing terrestrial experience within the context of the The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. And it's a symbol in both. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. The Efik acted as the middlemen between the European vessels and the inland slave traders. Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. [52] These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. Many believe this groups village at present day Deir el-Medina was the original location where freemasonry began. a Mande tradition based on orally transmitted history. This is UKARA cloth used by the Ekpe society in a handful of places in Nigeria, Cameroon The symbols are nisbidi You even scanned the raffia marks left from resist dyeing I hope you won't sue the owners in future! In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. Updates? [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey.
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